Frequency shifts in stimulated Raman scattering

The nonresonant contributions to the nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) produce a frequency chirp during stimulated Raman scattering. In the case of transient stimulated Raman scattering, the spectrum of the generated Stokes pulse is found at higher frequencies than expected from spontaneous Raman data. The frequency difference can be calculated from the theory of stimulated Raman scattering

New Results on Ultrafast Coherent Excitation of Molecular Vibrations in Liquids

Coherent Raman probe scattering experiments are performed to study dynamical processes of polyatomic liquids at 300 K. For single homogeneous transitions the dephasing timeT 2 is readily obtained from time resolved investigations. Spectral studies show an interesting time dependent shift in scattered frequency. After the excitaiton the vibrating molecules are shown to relax freely with their resonance frequency. Multiple, equally spaced transitions exhibit a beating phenomenon which provides the dephasing time and the frequency interval between neighboring vibrational states. Inhomogeneously broadened systems do not allow a ready determination of the dephasing time by the present probing technique. Previous experiments on the subject have to be reconsidered

The pulse of liability of foreignness: dynamic legitimacy and experiences effects in the German car market

Globalization has provided many companies with new opportunities for growth and efficiency. This requires them to operate successfully across cultural and social borders. These can be stumbling blocks to internationalization and have been found to cause frequent errors and delays for multinational companies. Such liabilities of foreignness are persistent in nature. We investigate the causes behind these detrimental effects. We identify two major factors conceptually: a lack of legitimacy in the host country on the demand side and a lack of responsiveness on the side of the multinational corporation. We test these hypotheses empirically using a comprehensive sample of the German car market, which is especially suitable due to its established domestic producers and international competitors. Our results suggest that the two factors interact. For less experienced customer groups, we find that legitimacy is the dominant factor behind the effects of liability of foreignness. As customer experience increases, liability of foreignness caused by a lack of responsiveness becomes more of an issue. --Liability of foreignness,internationalization strategy,globalization